The Ironic Spectator: Solidarity in the Age of Post-Humanitarianism Lilie Chouliaraki Cambridge: Polity, 2013. ix + 238 pp. The Cruel Radiance: Photography and Political Violence Susie Linfield Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. xiii + 321 pp. Contemporary forms of humanitarianism began to emerge in Europe and the Americas in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, originating from a mixture of religious and Enlightenment ideas.1 In a context marked by the rapid rise of industrialization, urbanization, and market expansion, and the development of modern nation-states, Continue reading → Continue reading →